semester+I+characters+chart


 * 1) Socrates || Questioned Authority; Use Critical Thinking; Executed by Gr. Democracy for "corrupting the youth." ||
 * 2) Plato || Critical of direct democracy, **Philosopher-King should rule** ||
 * 3) Aristotle || Student of Plato; Scientific Method; Proof through Evidence; All individuals can make a difference! Even rulers should obey laws! ||
 * 4) Pericles || Get involved with your community and be an active citizen or you're useless! ||
 * 5) King John || First Brit. King forced to **give up some of his power** to nobles ||
 * 6) Queen Elizabeth || Absolute Autocrat by Divine Right; She had all power- loved by people ||
 * 7) King Louis XIV || Absolute Autocrat by Divine Right; Sun King; Built Versailles Palace ||
 * 9) Thomas Hobbes || Men are born evil- the world is cruel; **Man cannot be trusted to vote** or rule others; Absolute monarch is necessary ||
 * 8) Galileo || Refined the modern telescope; **Proved earlier theories that planets revolve around sun** ||
 * 10) John Locke || Men are born with **natural rights to life**, liberty and property ||
 * 11) Jean-Jacques Rousseau || Direct democracy is the only way for civil society to work; Man is born free but is everywhere in chains (the chain of absolute rule) ||
 * 12) Baron de Montesquieu || Power should be divided between **three branches** of power- separation of powers b/w exec., leg, and jud ||
 * 13) Mary Wollstonecraft || Enlightened philosopher who championed education and equal opportunities and rights for women ||
 * 14) Voltaire || Civil society needs **freedom of religion,** speech, and power to question- Believed in equality for all (anti-slavery) ||
 * 15) Beccaria || Believed in need to **reform criminal justice system-** No torture/cap. Punishment ||
 * 16) Thomas Jeffferson || Enlightened philosopher who helped shape the declaration of ind. and constitution. Inspired by the British and French philosophers ||
 * 17) King William of Orange (and Mary) || First monarchs to agree to a shared government in Eng. **constitutional monarchy**!- UK is democratic (mostly!) Glorious Revolution ||
 * 18) Simon Bolivar || Revolutionary leader in South America. **Liberate the countries from Spanish**. Rulers and helped many countries achieve independence ||
 * 19) General Washington || Led the Revolutionary war of independence in **US against the British** ||
 * 20) Robespierre || Led the French Revolution against Louis XVI (loved that Guillotine) Led the Reign of Terror until his own execution. ||
 * 21) Marat || Published the Journal "Friend of the People", naming "traitors" to the Fr. Revolution, who were then publically executed ||
 * 22) Napoleon Bonaparte || Takes over after the Fr. Revolution, crowns himself emperor, **expands France's territory, nationalized the banking system**, defeated by Russia and then died against UK (Battle of Waterloo) ||
 * 23) Frederick the Great || Enlightened despot of Prussia, Made many reforms during his reign as king, giving rights to his people ||
 * 24) Catherine the Great || Enlightened despot of Russia, expanded territory and empire, Close to Voltaire, gave serfs more rights (but not freedom), close to Voltaire ||
 * 25) Kings and Queens - Congress of Vienna || Met to redraw the boundaries of Europe after Napoleon's fall. Reinstall all the historical kings and queens who had been defeated by Napoleon. **Restore the balance of Power AND Contain France!** ||
 * 26) Karl Marx || Communist Manifesto- Disgusted by conditions of Industrial Rev.;Believed workers should have the power to control industry. Ag. Rev. necess. Saw **struggle b/w rich and poor and believed all $$$ should be shared** ||
 * 27) Adam Smith || Wealth of Nations- Believed man should be able to control own industry, Private industry is fundamental with **no gov. interference in business**. Believed in the right of every man to set own prices- **Free Market=Laissez Faire** ||
 * 28) Louis Pasteur || Discovered microbes, which led to **better hygiene**, preventing infection, and longer lives ||
 * 29) Mohandas Ghandi || Led India to peaceful **independence from the British** after WWII ||
 * 30) Charles Dickens || British writer of Hard Times, A Christmas Carol, Tale of Two Cities, Oliver Twist- Documented misery of **industrial revolution factory and city life.** ||
 * 31) Fr. Declaration of Rishts of Man || Wanted a republic- Gave guarantees for the rights of individuals - Napoleon abides by SOME of them… Later acknowledged but **no immediate constitution enacted** (Fr. gets Napoleon instead of democracy!) ||
 * 32) US Declaration of Independence || Protect the **rights of the people and individuals** to control their governments ||
 * 33) US Constitution || Gov. with Divided power! **Spread** to many other countries (Japan, Vietnam, France, many other Asian and African countries) ||
 * 34) President Wilson || 14 Points- **wanted to provide a lasting and just peace after WWII**. Included idea for **League of Nations** ||
 * 35) Czar Nicholas || Autocratic ruler of Russia. **WWI casualties and Bolshevik Revolution led to his death.** ||