Answers

Review 1. Philosopher-king should rule; critical of dir. dem. 2. Use reason to solve problems; scientific method 3. Absolute monarch; powerful English queen prior to enlightenment era 4. Absolute monarch; Powerful French King- built Versailles palace 5. Human nature is evil; Commoners incapable of ruling themselves democratically- Need strong monarch

6. Born with natural rights (life, liberty, property) Influenced American Revolution 7. Reformed criminal justice system (no torture, no capital punishment & speedy trial set) 8. Man is born good but corrupted by society- They CAN rule (direct democracy)- Social contract= individual sovereignty (gov by the people) 9. Freedom of Religion- Critical of church’s role in government. Separation church & state (gov) 10. Enlightened Despot- Empress of Russia

11. Enlightened despot of Prussia 12. Enlightened despot of Austria-Hungarian Empire 13. Separation/ division of powers (exec., legisl, judicial) and limit monarch’s powers. 14. Revolutionary general in South America- Liberated Peru, Argentina, Colombia, and Bolivia from Spain (independence!)- Wanted United States of S. Amer. 15. Revolutionary general of American Continental Army- 1st Pres/ member of Continental Congress 16. Men and women born with equal capacity to lead. Equal rights in ed, family, and gov. 17. Founding father of US/ Continental Congress- Writer of Declaration of Independence. NEW TERMS 1. English Physiocrat (economic thinker advocating little gov. intervention)/ FREE MARKET= CAPITALISM 2. Free Market- Let the private (indep.) businesses run themselves with no/ little interference from gov. = CAPITALISM Let the Markets run themselves- It will be in their best interest to make them as profitable as possible. Competition is necessary for a free market. 3. Tea house- gathering place/ clubs for philosophers and visionaries to discuss new ideas 4. Art that is dramatic and emotional. Use of dark and light- strong colors 5. Art that is artisocratic, emphasizing leisure time- superficial content- delicate and light 6. Glorious Revolution- Peaceful change of monarch in England- William II agrees to completely share power w/ parliament houses. 7. Established w/ Glor. Rev. limits royal power. 8. Monarch role very limited with Glor. Rev. b/c parliament and monarch share- divides power 9. Parliament- English legislature- House of Lords and House of Commons. PRIME MINISTER 10. Act of Union- Scotland, North Ireland, Wales unite with England- forming United Kingdom 11. 1. Colonists want to expand west, taxes imposed with no representation (2. stamp, 3.tea), 4. quartering law, 5. enlightenment ideas...democ.? 12. Ended the American Rev. (Brit/Fr. /Am agree to terms. 13. Adams, Washington, Franklin, Jefferson meet to draft the new constitution 14. Influenced by Locke, Rousseau, Voltaire and british documents- Inspired many other democratic countries 15. Declaration of Independence- Written by Jefferson, inspired the French Declaration of the Rights of Man. 16. 1. Monarchy in Debt (from court spending and Am. rev.) 2. Over-taxing peasants, 3. Weak king 4. Church corruption, 5. Poor harvest

17. Women peasants and merchants (many of them from the fish markets) take up arms and storm Versailles, taking the king and queen to Paris. 18. Clergy, Nobility, Commoners (peasant and merchants)- RISING NOBILITY = “BOURGEOISIE” 19. Old regime of Louis XVI, National Assembly, Committee of Public Safety/ Reign of Terror, The Directory, Napoleon Bonaparte 20. Based on Dec. of Indep (Am.)- All equal, self-gov., no king mentioned! 21. King of France during revolution. Weak leader, accused of being a traitor, beheaded as war looms with Austria/ Prussia 22. Wife of Louis XVI, Queen of Fr. - Gambled, high court spending, devoted mother, unaware of politics of governing, beheaded as traitor after Louis XVI 23. Robespierre- Jacobin leader of Republican National Convention. Radical revolutionary leader

24. Marat- Reactionary journalist, ranted against anyone who was not “with the revolution”. Published lists of “traitors” who where executed. 25. More moderate revolutionary leader (perhaps more like Franklin in his motives...) Argues against the Jacobins and beheaded. 26. Napoleon (along with Adam Smith) will be tomorrow...... “Enlightened despot”…??? He was authoritarian/ autocratic but:
 * Government overhauled, made more efficient
 * Equality before the law- NAPOLEONIC CODE
 * Government jobs open to all, based upon skills not birthright
 * Granted non-Catholics full citizenship
 * Excellent military tactics